Welcome to USD1buyers.com
Overview: why buyers care about USD1 stablecoins
USD1buyers.com exists for one clear purpose: to help buyers understand what it means to purchase USD1 stablecoins, how buying actually works in practice, and what risks and responsibilities come with holding digital dollars. This page is educational only. It does not provide personal investment, legal, accounting, or tax advice. Always check the rules where you live and speak with qualified professionals before making financial decisions.
When this page says USD1 stablecoins, it means any digital token that is designed to be worth one U.S. dollar and can be redeemed at that rate with a responsible issuer or platform. In other words, USD1 stablecoins are a type of stablecoin (a crypto token that aims to keep its price steady by being tied to an outside asset such as dollars in a bank account, government bonds, or other safe holdings).[1]
Stablecoins have grown from a niche tool on trading platforms into an important part of the global digital asset market. Official reports in the United States describe how stablecoins are already used to move money between exchanges, to power trading strategies, and, more recently, to support payment and settlement use cases in the real economy.[1] At the same time, research by central banks and international bodies highlights serious concerns about consumer protection, financial stability, money laundering, and the impact of stablecoins on banking systems and monetary sovereignty.[2]
For buyers, this mix of promise and risk can be confusing. USD1 stablecoins can feel as simple as holding digital cash: one token is meant to equal one dollar. Yet behind that simple idea sits a complex structure involving issuers, reserve assets, blockchains, custodians, and rules that may differ from one country to another. The goal of USD1buyers.com is to walk through that complexity in plain English so that potential buyers can ask better questions before they move a single dollar.
This guide focuses on three themes:
- Why different types of buyers around the world choose to purchase USD1 stablecoins.
- How buying USD1 stablecoins actually works, step by step, through banks, exchanges, payment platforms, and peer to peer markets.
- What risks, regulations, and practical checks buyers should understand before, during, and after a purchase.
Throughout, keep one principle in mind: parity is a target, not a guarantee. Even if a token is described as redeemable one to one for U.S. dollars, history shows that not every stablecoin has held that value under stress.[2]
Who buys USD1 stablecoins today
Buyers of USD1 stablecoins are not a single group. They span many regions, professions, and motivations. Broadly, they include the following categories.
Individual users and savers
Many individuals buy USD1 stablecoins because they want digital dollars that are easier to move than traditional bank deposits. For example:
- A freelancer in Latin America who gets paid by clients in the United States might prefer to receive USD1 stablecoins rather than wait several days for an international wire transfer.
- A student studying abroad might hold a portion of savings in USD1 stablecoins to avoid local currency volatility.
- A family in a country with high inflation might treat USD1 stablecoins as a way to gain exposure to the U.S. dollar when access to dollar accounts is limited.
In these examples, USD1 stablecoins act as a bridge to the dollar system. However, they also introduce new obligations, such as self custody (holding your own wallet keys) or trusting a third party platform to store tokens safely.
Traders and active digital asset participants
On trading platforms, many participants buy USD1 stablecoins as a base asset for other trades. Instead of constantly moving in and out of traditional cash, they may keep a portion of their trading capital in USD1 stablecoins:
- To move quickly between different tokens.
- To park funds in a relatively stable position when markets are volatile.
- To settle trades across several exchanges or decentralized protocols.
In this context, buyers care about liquidity (how easy it is to buy or sell USD1 stablecoins at close to one dollar), fees, and integration with their existing tools.
Businesses, merchants, and online platforms
Some businesses now buy USD1 stablecoins to support payments, treasury management, or cross border operations:
- Online merchants may accept USD1 stablecoins from international customers and then either hold them or convert them back into bank deposits.
- Software companies may pay remote staff or contractors in digital dollars instead of wiring funds to multiple countries.
- Marketplaces and platforms may use USD1 stablecoins internally for escrow, settlements between users, or reward programs.
Businesses often face additional regulatory obligations, such as know your customer checks (identity verification rules that require platforms to collect and verify buyer information) and anti money laundering controls (rules meant to detect and prevent criminal use of funds).
Financial institutions and fintechs
Banks, broker dealers, and newer payment platforms increasingly interact with USD1 stablecoins, either directly or through partners. Some provide on ramps (ways to move from bank deposits into USD1 stablecoins) and off ramps (ways to convert back to bank deposits). Others use USD1 stablecoins internally for faster movement of funds between their own entities or across borders.
Regulators are paying close attention to these use cases. Global standard setters such as the Financial Stability Board and the Bank for International Settlements have emphasized that stablecoin arrangements with potential global reach need strong risk management, governance, and supervision.[3]
Users in emerging markets
One of the fastest growing buyer groups for USD1 stablecoins is in emerging markets where local currencies can be volatile or where access to U.S. dollar accounts is limited. A recent report from a major international bank estimated that dollar backed stablecoins could attract hundreds of billions of dollars from banking systems in such countries over the coming years, largely as savers seek more stable value rather than higher returns.[4]
For buyers in these regions, USD1 stablecoins bring both opportunity and risk. They can provide faster access to digital dollars, but they may also sit in a sensitive zone of domestic policy, capital controls, and banking regulation. In some countries, using or even holding stablecoins is restricted or discouraged. In others, authorities see them as a useful channel that should be brought under clear rules.
How to buy USD1 stablecoins: main paths
Although every country and platform is different, most buyers of USD1 stablecoins follow one of a few common paths. Understanding these paths helps you recognize which entities you are trusting and where the main risks sit.
1. Through regulated exchanges and broker platforms
In many jurisdictions, the most common way to buy USD1 stablecoins is through a centralized digital asset exchange or a broker style app that connects to exchanges on your behalf. These platforms typically allow you to:
- Open an account, agree to terms, and complete identity checks.
- Deposit local currency or U.S. dollars by bank transfer, card payment, or another supported method.
- Submit an order to buy USD1 stablecoins at the current market rate or at a price limit you choose.
- Hold the USD1 stablecoins in a custodial wallet provided by the platform, or withdraw them to your own external wallet.
On these platforms, buyers should review several details:
- Licensing and jurisdiction: which authority oversees the platform.
- Consumer protections: whether client tokens are segregated from company funds and what happens if the platform becomes insolvent.
- Fees and spreads: the difference between the stated exchange rate and the actual execution price after charges.
Regulatory guidance in markets such as the United States stresses that firms offering stablecoin services may fall under existing securities, commodities, or banking rules, depending on the business model.[5]
2. Through payment platforms and fintech apps
Some payment services and fintech apps act as gateways between traditional bank deposits and USD1 stablecoins. They may allow you to:
- Top up a balance from your bank account or card.
- Convert part of that balance into USD1 stablecoins.
- Send USD1 stablecoins to another user of the same app or to an external wallet.
- Receive USD1 stablecoins and convert them back into bank money.
For many everyday buyers, this can feel similar to using a mobile banking app. The main difference is that the balance partly represents tokens recorded on a blockchain ledger (a distributed database where transactions are recorded across many computers rather than on a single bank server).
When using such apps, pay attention to who the underlying issuer of USD1 stablecoins is, how reserves are held, and whether your claim is directly against the issuer, the platform, or both. In some cases, you may not actually hold the tokens yourself. Instead, you have a claim on the app provider, who in turn holds a pool of USD1 stablecoins or reserve assets.
3. Through banks or broker dealers
A growing number of traditional financial institutions explore how they can integrate stablecoins into payment and settlement services. In some scenarios, a bank or broker dealer might:
- Allow clients to purchase USD1 stablecoins directly from a client account.
- Offer a stablecoin based payment rail for specific types of transfers.
- Use USD1 stablecoins in the background to speed up internal movements, while the client continues to see only standard account balances.
Reports from advisory firms describe how tokenized cash and stablecoins could transform wholesale and retail payment flows, especially when integrated with programmable settlement systems.[6] For a buyer, the practical steps may look familiar, but the legal terms and risk sharing can be different from a classic deposit.
4. On decentralised exchanges and on chain swaps
Experienced on chain users may buy USD1 stablecoins directly through decentralized exchanges or liquidity pools, swapping other digital tokens for USD1 stablecoins using automated protocols. These tools often provide global access without a central company matching orders.
This path can be flexible but carries several advanced risks:
- Smart contract risk: the code that runs the protocol could contain bugs or be exploited.
- Market risk: thin liquidity can cause prices to move sharply during trading.
- Regulatory risk: some jurisdictions treat certain DeFi activities as regulated services.
For newer buyers, it is usually safer to start with well regulated, well understood channels before exploring advanced on chain tools.
5. Peer to peer markets
In some regions, especially where banking access is limited, peer to peer markets connect buyers and sellers of USD1 stablecoins directly. Platforms may act more like bulletin boards and escrow agents:
- A buyer posts a request to purchase a certain amount of USD1 stablecoins using a specific payment method.
- A seller responds, and the platform locks the tokens in escrow.
- The buyer sends local currency to the seller outside the platform (for example, a bank transfer or mobile money payment).
- Once the seller confirms receipt, the platform releases the USD1 stablecoins to the buyer.
While this method can be practical, it requires strong caution. Buyers must assess counterparty risk, fraud risk, and the legal status of such trades in their jurisdiction. Many of the strongest consumer protections of regulated platforms may not apply in peer to peer settings.
Key risks buyers should understand
Every financial product has risks, and USD1 stablecoins are no exception. International bodies have repeatedly emphasized that, without proper safeguards, stablecoins can pose risks to individual users and to the broader financial system.[2] Buyers should take time to understand at least the following categories.
Issuer and reserve risk
USD1 stablecoins depend on an issuer or arrangement that promises to redeem tokens for U.S. dollars. This promise is only as strong as the reserves and legal structure behind it. Key questions include:
- What assets back the tokens: cash in insured bank accounts, short term government bills, commercial paper, or other instruments.
- Where those assets are held and how transparent the reporting is.
- Whether there are independent attestations or audits (third party checks that reserves match outstanding tokens).
- Under what conditions the issuer can delay or refuse redemption.
Regulators such as the Federal Reserve and the Financial Stability Board have raised concerns that some stablecoin arrangements do not provide enough clarity or safeguards around these points, especially in stressed markets.[2][3]
De peg risk
A de peg occurs when a stablecoin trades away from its target value, for example at ninety five cents instead of one dollar. Studies show that even large stablecoins have experienced many such events, especially during broader market turbulence.[2]
For buyers, this matters in two ways:
- Market price risk: if you need to sell USD1 stablecoins quickly while the token trades below one dollar, you may realize a loss.
- Confidence risk: if many users doubt that reserves are sufficient, redemptions can accelerate, putting further pressure on the peg.
Before buying, review how the issuer has handled past stress events, what safeguards exist today, and whether you can tolerate temporary price deviations.
Platform and custody risk
Many buyers do not hold USD1 stablecoins in a self hosted wallet. Instead, they rely on exchanges, apps, or other custodians. In those cases:
- If the platform suffers a hack or operational failure, your access to tokens may be interrupted.
- If the firm becomes insolvent, your claim may compete with other creditors, depending on local law and account structure.
- If the platform freezes accounts due to compliance reviews or law enforcement requests, you may temporarily lose the ability to move funds.
Safe custody often combines strong internal controls by the provider with careful practices by the user, such as using unique passwords, hardware based security keys where possible, and up to date device security.
Operational and user error risk
Self custody gives you more direct control over USD1 stablecoins, but it also introduces the risk of irreversible mistakes:
- Sending tokens to the wrong address or on the wrong blockchain network.
- Losing the seed phrase (a series of words that allows you to recover your wallet) or sharing it with an attacker.
- Falling for phishing schemes that mimic legitimate platforms.
Because blockchain transactions are designed to be hard to reverse, platforms may not be able to undo such mistakes even if everyone agrees that the funds were misdirected. As a buyer, it is wise to practice with small amounts until you are comfortable.
Regulatory and policy risk
Stablecoin rules are evolving quickly across major regions. In the European Union, for example, the new Markets in Crypto Assets framework introduces licensing, reserve, and conduct rules for stablecoin issuers and service providers. In other regions, lawmakers and regulators are debating whether stablecoin issuers should be treated more like banks, payment companies, or something in between.[3][5]
For buyers, this means that:
- Access to certain platforms or tokens may change as rules tighten.
- Tax and reporting obligations may evolve.
- In some countries, holding or using certain stablecoins might not be permitted.
Whenever you consider buying USD1 stablecoins, check not only the global headlines but also the specific guidance of regulators and tax authorities in your home country and in any country where you do business.
How buyers can evaluate USD1 stablecoins options
Not all USD1 stablecoins are designed alike. Before you buy, you can apply a simple framework that looks at four layers: the token, the issuer and reserves, the platform you use to buy or hold tokens, and the regulatory environment around the entire arrangement.
Layer 1: token design
Key points include:
- Reference asset: USD1 stablecoins are designed to track the U.S. dollar. Check whether the token aims strictly for one to one redemption or uses a broader basket of dollar related assets.
- Blockchain networks: On which networks does the token exist. Tokens on widely used networks may offer deeper liquidity and better tooling, but they can also face higher transaction fees during busy periods.
- Stabilisation mechanism: Whether the peg relies solely on reserves, on algorithmic rules, or on a combination. Official reviews highlight that fully algorithmic designs without strong reserves have experienced severe breakdowns in the past.[2]
For many everyday buyers, simpler is better. Transparent, reserve backed designs that avoid complicated algorithmic features are usually easier to understand and assess.
Layer 2: issuer and reserve structure
When you read about an issuer of USD1 stablecoins, look for:
- Clear legal entity information, including where it is incorporated and supervised.
- Public policies describing which assets are held as reserves and in what proportions.
- Regular third party attestations or audits with enough detail to understand risk.
- Straightforward redemption terms that explain who can redeem, how, and at what cost.
Certain international standards stress that stablecoin arrangements with the potential for wide adoption should maintain high quality and liquid reserves, strong governance, and clear recovery plans.[3] As a buyer, you may not read every technical document, but you can check whether such materials exist and whether they answer your basic questions.
Layer 3: the platform you trust
Even if the underlying token design is strong, your experience as a buyer depends heavily on the platform you use. Before moving significant value, consider:
- Does the platform operate under a clear license in at least one jurisdiction.
- Does it explain how it safeguards client assets and whether they sit on separate accounts.
- Does it publish meaningful transparency reports, security overviews, and incident disclosures.
- Does it provide responsive customer support and clear complaint channels.
Regulators often make a distinction between the issuer of a stablecoin and intermediaries that provide wallets, trading, or payment services. Both layers can matter if something goes wrong, so buyers should examine both.
Layer 4: regulatory environment
Finally, consider the policy environment around USD1 stablecoins where you live and where the issuer is based. Key indicators include:
- Whether your country has published official guidance or rules for stablecoin issuers and intermediaries.
- Whether authorities participate in international efforts to create a consistent framework for stablecoin regulation.[3][5]
- Whether lawmakers are debating new stablecoin legislation that could change how products are offered.
You do not need to follow every technical debate, but being aware of the general direction of travel can help you avoid surprises, such as accounts being restricted due to new rules.
Regional perspectives for USD1 stablecoins buyers
Because financial systems and rules differ around the world, the experience of buying USD1 stablecoins can vary widely by region. The following overview is high level and cannot replace local advice, but it highlights themes buyers may want to explore further.
Buyers in the United States
In the United States, policy makers have published several reports discussing how payment stablecoins fit within the existing regulatory architecture.[1][5] Topics include:
- Whether issuers should hold bank style licenses and be subject to capital and liquidity standards.
- How stablecoin wallets and payment services should comply with money transmission and consumer protection rules.
- How to address risks related to market integrity, illicit finance, and operational resilience.
For U.S. based buyers, this means that the landscape is changing. Some products may be offered through regulated banking channels, while others remain outside the traditional perimeter, with different levels of oversight.
Buyers in Europe
In the European Union, the Markets in Crypto Assets framework introduces a unified set of rules for stablecoins and service providers across member states. Stablecoin issuers will face requirements related to reserve quality, governance, disclosure, and supervision. Service providers must meet conduct standards and maintain appropriate safeguards for client assets.[3]
For buyers, this can provide more clarity about who is allowed to issue or distribute certain tokens within the European Economic Area. However, it may also mean that some tokens offered on global platforms are not available to residents of certain countries if they do not meet local requirements.
Buyers in Asia Pacific
Asia Pacific includes a wide spectrum of approaches, from early adoption of digital asset rules to more restrictive stances. Some jurisdictions have created licensing regimes for stablecoin issuers and exchanges. Others focus on sandbox style pilots or encourage experiments with central bank digital currencies instead of privately issued stablecoins.
Buyers in this region should pay particular attention to whether their home jurisdiction differentiates between:
- Buying USD1 stablecoins for personal use.
- Using USD1 stablecoins for business payments.
- Offering stablecoin related services to others.
The regulatory approach can differ across these activities, sometimes within the same country.
Buyers in Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East
In many emerging markets, USD1 stablecoins attract buyers who seek exposure to the U.S. dollar as a perceived store of value or as a tool for cross border payment. At the same time, international bodies warn that widespread use of foreign currency stablecoins could weaken local banking systems and complicate monetary policy, particularly if large volumes move out of domestic deposits into offshore arrangements.[2][4]
Authorities in some countries respond by tightening restrictions on digital asset trading or by imposing additional reporting obligations. Others explore ways to integrate stablecoin usage into formal channels, for example through licensed providers who must follow robust safeguards.
For buyers, the key is to recognize that rules may change quickly. A platform that is accessible today may not be accessible tomorrow. Always check the latest guidance from your local central bank, securities regulator, or financial intelligence unit before relying on USD1 stablecoins for critical payments or savings.
Common use cases for buyers of USD1 stablecoins
Although every buyer has unique circumstances, several common patterns appear across regions and sectors.
Everyday spending and payments
Some buyers use USD1 stablecoins as a digital spending balance, similar to prepaid cards:
- Paying friends and family across borders.
- Funding online purchases on platforms that accept digital dollars.
- Settling informal debts in shared households or small businesses.
When using USD1 stablecoins for everyday payments, buyers should consider:
- Network fees: how much it costs to send a transaction on the chosen blockchain.
- Counterparty awareness: whether the recipient understands how to receive, store, and, if desired, convert tokens to local currency.
- Volumes: whether the amounts involved are small enough that the advantages of speed and convenience outweigh the risks.
Short term savings and cash management
Another group of buyers uses USD1 stablecoins as a tool for short term savings or working capital management. For example:
- A small exporter might hold USD1 stablecoins between receiving payments from buyers abroad and paying suppliers.
- A freelancer might park income in USD1 stablecoins while deciding whether to convert to local currency or make online purchases.
- A community group might hold a digital dollar balance for planned expenses in the near future.
Here, buyers should pay particular attention to:
- How quickly and at what cost they can convert USD1 stablecoins back into bank deposits.
- Whether any yield offered on USD1 stablecoins reflects additional risks, such as lending tokens to other market participants or placing them in decentralised finance protocols.
- How local regulators treat such holdings for tax and reporting purposes.
Trading and investment strategies
Traders often treat USD1 stablecoins as a base currency for strategies that involve frequent moves in and out of other tokens. They may value USD1 stablecoins for:
- Providing a relatively stable unit of account in volatile markets.
- Serving as collateral in margin trading.
- Allowing fast transfer of funds between different trading venues.
Because these activities tend to involve higher risk, buyers in this category should be familiar with both market dynamics and the detailed terms of any leverage or lending arrangements they use.
Corporate and treasury use
Larger institutions may buy USD1 stablecoins as part of broader experiments with tokenised finance:
- Settling transactions in tokenised securities or trade finance products.
- Moving funds between subsidiaries more quickly than traditional payment rails allow.
- Testing programmable payment flows that release funds only when certain conditions are met.
Reports from central banks and international bodies note that such use cases could, in theory, bring efficiency gains, but they also stress that stablecoin arrangements must meet high standards to protect financial stability and users.[2][3]
The future of buying USD1 stablecoins
The landscape for USD1 stablecoins buyers is changing rapidly. Several trends are worth watching over the coming years.
Convergence of rules across jurisdictions
The Financial Stability Board and other international groups have published high level recommendations that aim to create more consistent regulation, supervision, and oversight of stablecoin arrangements worldwide.[3] These recommendations include:
- Strong risk management and governance for issuers.
- Transparent reserve management with high quality, liquid assets.
- Effective recovery and resolution planning.
- Comprehensive frameworks for cross border cooperation among authorities.
As these ideas filter into national laws, buyers may see more similar protections across major markets, but also potentially more uniform requirements, such as identity verification and reporting.
Interaction with central bank digital currencies and tokenised deposits
Central banks are exploring their own digital money projects, often called central bank digital currencies, as well as ways to upgrade existing payment rails using tokenised deposits and securities.[2] Some of these projects could compete directly with private stablecoins, while others could coexist and even interoperate with USD1 stablecoins in complex financial stacks.
For buyers, this could mean:
- More choice among digital dollar like instruments.
- New forms of wallet software that can hold several types of digital money.
- Changes in how risks are allocated between public institutions, private issuers, and intermediaries.
Increased scrutiny of systemic impact
Recent research from international organizations highlights that large scale adoption of dollar based stablecoins could have meaningful effects on emerging market banking systems, potentially drawing deposits away from local institutions.[4] As a result, policy makers are considering tools to manage such flows, from tighter prudential rules to more active monitoring of cross border token movements.
Buyers should expect ongoing debate about how to balance individual choice, innovation, and systemic stability. In some cases, this may lead to tighter rules around who can issue USD1 stablecoins, how reserves must be managed, and which activities are permitted for retail users.
Growing expectations for transparency and consumer protection
Regulatory pressure and market competition are pushing issuers and platforms to provide more frequent, detailed disclosures about reserves, governance, and operational resilience. Securities and banking authorities stress that stablecoin users should receive clear, non misleading information about the nature of their claims and the risks involved.[5]
As a buyer, this works in your favor if you make use of the information. Comparing disclosures across issuers and platforms, asking direct questions, and favoring arrangements that go beyond the bare minimum can help you reduce risk.
Frequently asked questions for USD1 stablecoins buyers
Are USD1 stablecoins the same as holding dollars in a bank account
No. While USD1 stablecoins aim to track the value of the U.S. dollar, holding tokens is not the same as holding an insured bank deposit. Your legal claim, risk profile, and protections depend on the specific issuer, reserve structure, and platform. Official reports emphasize that stablecoins can expose users to credit, liquidity, and operational risks that differ from traditional deposits.[1][2]
Do I always get one dollar back for each unit of USD1 stablecoins
In normal conditions, reputable issuers design USD1 stablecoins so that you can redeem tokens for U.S. dollars at a one to one rate, either directly or through authorized partners. However, in times of stress, redemptions can be suspended, limited, or subject to fees. Market prices on trading platforms can also move away from one dollar, even if formal redemption terms remain unchanged.[2]
Before buying, read the redemption policies carefully, including any clauses that allow the issuer to change terms, delay payouts, or prioritize certain classes of holder.
Are USD1 stablecoins regulated
USD1 stablecoins touch several areas of financial regulation, but there is no single global rulebook. In some jurisdictions, issuers and platforms operate under clear, dedicated frameworks. In others, they rely on a combination of existing securities, payments, banking, or anti money laundering rules. International bodies such as the Financial Stability Board promote high level principles, but national authorities decide how to implement them.[3][5]
When you buy USD1 stablecoins, you are relying not only on the issuer, but also on the legal system that oversees that issuer and any intermediaries. It is worth checking whether your home regulator has published specific guidance on stablecoins.
Are USD1 stablecoins good tools for long term savings
USD1 stablecoins were originally designed mainly for payments and trading, not for long term wealth preservation. Their value depends on private issuers and intermediaries, and they carry operational and regulatory risks. International analyses warn that stablecoins can perform poorly as long term money if they lack strong backing and institutional support.[2]
Some buyers may choose to hold moderate balances in USD1 stablecoins for flexibility and access to digital markets, while keeping core savings in more established financial instruments. This is a personal decision that should reflect your risk tolerance, time horizon, and local legal context.
What should I do before buying USD1 stablecoins for the first time
Here are practical steps many careful buyers take:
- Learn the basics of how stablecoins work, including reserve backing, wallets, and on chain transfers.
- Research a small number of issuers and platforms, focusing on transparency, regulation, and reputation.
- Test the full cycle with a small amount: deposit, convert to USD1 stablecoins, transfer, and convert back.
- Keep simple records of transactions for your own budgeting and for any tax or reporting requirements.
Above all, treat USD1 stablecoins as part of a broader financial picture. If you are unsure about how a product works or whether it fits your circumstances, it is reasonable to pause and seek professional advice.
References
[1] United States Department of the Treasury, President's Working Group on Financial Markets, "Report on Stablecoins," November 2021, and related materials. Link
[2] Bank for International Settlements and related research on stablecoins and digital monetary systems, including 2025 publications on stablecoin growth and the future of the monetary system. Link
[3] Financial Stability Board, "Regulation, Supervision and Oversight of Global Stablecoin Arrangements" and "High level Recommendations for the Regulation, Supervision and Oversight of Global Stablecoin Arrangements," 2020 and 2023, plus subsequent summaries. Link
[4] Standard Chartered, analysis of potential flows from emerging market banks into U.S. dollar stablecoins, 2025. Link
[5] United States Securities and Exchange Commission and related authorities, public statements and guidance on stablecoins and digital asset regulation. Link
[6] McKinsey and Company and other industry research on stablecoins and tokenised payments, including "The stable door opens: How tokenized cash enables next generation payments," 2025. Link